The Hijra, or Hegira, marks one of the most significant turning points in Islamic history. This migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE was not merely a relocation but a foundational event that shaped the future of Islam as a religion and as a socio-political force. Understanding when the Hijra occurred and why it was important provides insight into the development of Islamic civilization, the formation of the Muslim community (ummah), and the structure of the Islamic calendar.
Historical Context of the Hijra
Before the Hijra, Prophet Muhammad had spent more than a decade preaching monotheism in Mecca. Despite initial success, his teachings were met with increasing hostility from the Quraysh tribe, the ruling elite of Mecca. The economic and social disruption caused by his message, particularly the criticism of idol worship and unjust practices, led to persecution of Muhammad and his followers. As the situation became more dangerous, it became clear that remaining in Mecca was no longer viable.
During this period, Muhammad sought refuge and support in other regions. A turning point came when a delegation from the city of Yathrib later known as Medina pledged their allegiance to him. They invited Muhammad to serve as a neutral arbiter and leader to help settle tribal disputes in their city. This invitation led to the decision to migrate from Mecca to Medina.
The Year of the Hijra: 622 CE
The Hijra took place in the year 622 of the Common Era. In the Islamic calendar, this event is so significant that it marks the beginning of the Hijri calendar, or Islamic calendar. The first year of this lunar calendar is known as 1 AH (Anno Hegirae). The exact date of the Prophet Muhammad’s arrival in Medina is often cited as 12 Rabi’ al-Awwal in the Islamic calendar, corresponding to approximately September 24, 622 CE in the Gregorian calendar.
This calendar was formally established by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab during his reign (634644 CE), as a way to organize Islamic affairs in a uniform manner. The choice to start the Islamic calendar from the year of the Hijra rather than Muhammad’s birth or the start of revelation emphasizes the event’s profound religious and political impact.
Reasons for the Migration
Several factors contributed to the necessity of the Hijra:
- Persecution in Mecca: Early Muslims faced social ostracism, economic sanctions, and physical abuse from the ruling tribes of Mecca.
- Invitation from Medina: The city offered a safer environment and political support, making it a strategic location for building the Muslim community.
- Strategic Leadership: Muhammad’s presence was requested to mediate conflicts in Medina, offering him a role as a religious and political leader.
Significance of the Hijra in Islam
The Hijra was more than just a move from one city to another. It was a pivotal moment that allowed Islam to flourish. In Medina, Muhammad was able to establish the first Islamic state based on the principles of justice, community cooperation, and religious tolerance. The Muslim community grew stronger, organized, and more cohesive under his leadership.
Medina became the center of Islamic governance, where Muhammad laid the foundation of an inclusive constitution known as the Constitution of Medina. This document guaranteed rights to Muslims, Jews, and other groups in the city, setting a precedent for pluralism and mutual respect among diverse communities.
Aftermath and Legacy
The success of the Islamic state in Medina eventually led to the expansion of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Within a decade, the balance of power had shifted dramatically. Mecca was later peacefully conquered by the Muslims in 630 CE, and it became the spiritual heart of the Islamic world.
Today, the Hijra continues to hold spiritual and historical significance for Muslims. It represents the sacrifices made by the early Muslims to preserve their faith and the beginning of a new chapter of religious freedom and political identity. The event is commemorated annually by Muslims during the Islamic New Year, and it remains a symbol of resilience, unity, and the importance of faith-driven action.
Key Lessons from the Hijra
The Hijra teaches several enduring lessons that are relevant not only in Islamic history but also in broader human experience:
- Resilience in the face of adversity: Despite hardship and danger, the early Muslims remained steadfast in their beliefs.
- Strategic vision: Muhammad’s decision to accept Medina’s invitation reflected his ability to assess long-term benefits for the community.
- Community building: The establishment of a cohesive and inclusive society in Medina laid the groundwork for future Islamic governance models.
Answering the question When was the Hijra? leads us directly to 622 CE, a date that marks the start of a transformative era in world history. The migration was not only critical for the survival of the early Muslim community, but it also marked the beginning of a civilization that would influence vast regions culturally, spiritually, and politically. The Hijra’s lasting legacy lies in its embodiment of faith, courage, and the pursuit of justice values that continue to inspire millions around the globe.