On June 8, 1967, during the height of the Six-Day War between Israel and several Arab nations, an incident occurred that would leave a lasting mark on U.S.-Israeli relations. The USS Liberty, a United States Navy technical research ship, was attacked by Israeli forces in international waters off the coast of Egypt. The surprise assault, which involved both air and sea components, resulted in the deaths of 34 American servicemen and injuries to 171 others. While the Israeli government later claimed the attack was a tragic case of mistaken identity, the event sparked controversy, conspiracy theories, and lingering questions that continue to surround the USS Liberty to this day.
Background of the USS Liberty
A Technical Research Ship
The USS Liberty (AGTR-5) was not a traditional warship. Instead, it served as a signals intelligence (SIGINT) platform, equipped to intercept communications and gather electronic intelligence. The ship had been dispatched to the eastern Mediterranean as tensions grew in the region. Although unarmed for combat, it was outfitted with powerful radio and surveillance equipment and carried a crew of over 290 sailors and intelligence personnel.
The Context of the Six-Day War
The Middle East was on the brink of a major conflict in early June 1967. Israel launched preemptive strikes against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, initiating a war that would last only six days but dramatically reshape the region. During this time, the USS Liberty was operating in international waters, monitoring military communications and troop movements related to the conflict.
The Attack on June 8, 1967
Initial Aerial Assault
On the afternoon of June 8, Israeli Air Force fighter jets began a sudden and intense attack on the USS Liberty. Flying low and fast, they strafed the vessel with cannon fire, rockets, and napalm. The aircraft targeted the ship’s communications equipment and bridge, crippling its ability to call for help. Survivors later recounted that the ship’s U.S. flag was clearly visible, though Israel claimed it was either not seen or had fallen down during the attack.
Follow-Up Torpedo Attack
Following the air raid, three Israeli torpedo boats approached the heavily damaged Liberty. One of the boats launched a torpedo that struck the ship on the starboard side, tearing a massive hole and flooding the lower compartments. Sailors were killed instantly, while others fought to keep the vessel afloat. In the aftermath, the torpedo boats returned to rescue survivors from the water after realizing their mistake.
Casualties and Damage
- 34 American crew members were killed, including naval officers, signalmen, and Marines.
- 171 others were wounded, many seriously.
- The ship sustained severe damage and was later deemed unfit for service.
Israel’s Explanation and U.S. Response
Claim of Mistaken Identity
Within hours of the attack, the Israeli government issued a formal apology, stating that the USS Liberty had been mistaken for an Egyptian ship. Israel claimed that the ship’s profile resembled that of the Egyptian vessel El Quseir and that fog of war and miscommunication were to blame. They offered compensation for the victims and repairs to the vessel.
U.S. Government’s Reaction
The U.S. accepted the apology, though the incident sparked internal debate. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration conducted an inquiry, but it was criticized for being rushed and limited in scope. While the Navy’s official investigation supported the mistaken identity explanation, many within the military and intelligence community remained skeptical.
Controversy and Conspiracy Theories
Lingering Doubts
Several survivors and former officials questioned the official narrative. They argued that the USS Liberty was clearly marked with American flags and hull numbers and that Israeli forces had ample opportunity to identify the ship correctly. Some believed the attack was deliberate, meant to prevent the ship from intercepting sensitive communications or to draw the U.S. into the war.
Declassified Documents and Testimonies
Over the years, declassified documents, transcripts, and eyewitness accounts have emerged, but none have provided definitive proof of intent. The debate remains unresolved, with some historians supporting Israel’s account and others calling for a new, independent investigation.
Aftermath and Legacy
Diplomatic Impact
Despite the tragic nature of the attack, U.S.-Israeli relations remained strong. The incident was largely downplayed in public discourse, though it deeply affected those who served aboard the USS Liberty. In 1980, Israel paid $6 million in compensation to the families of the victims, and additional reparations followed.
Honoring the Victims
The bravery of the Liberty’s crew was formally recognized. The ship’s captain, William McGonagle, received the Medal of Honor for his leadership during the attack. Other crew members received Purple Hearts and citations for heroism. Memorials have been established across the U.S. to honor the fallen.
Continuing Advocacy
Survivors and their families continue to campaign for full disclosure of the events. Organizations and veterans’ groups have called for the release of classified materials and a new congressional investigation. The attack on the USS Liberty remains one of the most controversial naval incidents in U.S. history.
The events of June 8, 1967, involving the USS Liberty remain a subject of historical scrutiny and emotional resonance. While the attack has officially been described as a tragic accident during wartime confusion, questions persist about how such a mistake could have occurred and why the investigation lacked depth. For the families of the victims and the survivors, the story is far from over. The USS Liberty stands as a symbol of sacrifice, bravery, and the complex nature of wartime alliances.